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British West Indian labour unrest of 1934–39
The British West Indian labour unrest of 1934–39 encompassed a series of disturbances, strikes and riots in the United Kingdom's Caribbean colonies. These began as the Great Depression wore on and ceased on the eve of World War II. The unrest served to highlight inequalities of wealth, led the British government to attempt a solution to the problem, and in some cases spurred the development of indigenous party politics that would lead to self-government and independence in the postwar period.
==Chronology==
Various starting points for the cycle of disturbances have been proposed: the February 1934 labour agitation in British Honduras (which ended in a riot in September)〔Brown, p.604〕 the May–July 1934 sugar estate disturbance on Trinidad (which broke out on several estates in the central sugar belt, involving over 15,000 Indian estate labourers)〔Lisowski, p.105〕 and the January 1935 Saint Kitts sugar strike.〔Paravisini-Gebert, p.104〕 In any event, after St Kitts (which turned into a general strike of agricultural labourers) came a March strike in Trinidad's oilfields and a hunger march to Port of Spain. In Jamaica labour protests broke out in May on the island's north coast. Rioting among banana workers in the town of Oracabessa was succeeded by a strike of dockworkers in Falmouth which ended in violence. In September and October there were riots on various sugar estates in British Guiana; there had been strikes the previous September on five sugar estates on the west coast of Demerara. In October rioting also took place on St Vincent in Kingstown and Camden Park. The year ended with a November strike of coal workers in St Lucia. After a relatively tranquil year in 1936, there was widespread unrest in Trinidad (extraordinary because blacks and Indians cooperated in working-class activities)〔Brereton, p.20〕 and Barbados in June 1937 and in Jamaica in May–June 1938. The 1937-38 disturbances were of greater magnitude than the 1934-35 ones, which had been more localized. In Trinidad, for example, the protest began in the oilfields but eventually spread to the sugar belt and the towns. In Barbados the disorders which started in Bridgetown spread to the rural areas. In Jamaica most areas of the island experienced serious strikes and disturbances. At least two ending points have also been suggested: the Jamaican cane-cutters' strike of 1938〔Sutton, Constance R. (ed.). ''Revisiting Caribbean Labour'', p.23. Ian Randle Publishers (2005), ISBN 976-637-190-3〕 or the major February 1939 strike at the Plantation Leonora in British Guiana, which led to further disturbances.〔Brown, p.605〕
In 1937, there were numerous deaths as strikes descended into riots,〔 while the sugar workers' and Kingston labourers' strike in Jamaica in 1938 resulted in riots and 46 deaths.〔Hamilton, Janice. ''Jamaica in Pictures'', p.30. Twenty-First Century Books (2005), ISBN 0-8225-2394-9〕〔This had a galvanizing effect on the Colonial Office, which feared not only Parliamentary criticism but also unwelcome scrutiny from the United States. Brown, p.41〕 At least 429 were injured, with thousands detained and prosecuted.〔Brereton, p.226〕
Women played a crucial role at almost every level of the popular protests. As workers, many women were involved in the planning and execution of the strikes, and they were active in radical organizations such as UNIA. The Caribbean unrest was not limited to British colonies: massive strikes took place in Cuba in 1930, 1933 and 1935, as well as a hunger march by sugar workers on Martinique in February 1935.〔
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